Outrageous Argumentative Writing Tips

Outrageous Argumentative Writing Tips Writing may be one of the most troublesome things to do, if not the toughest for many students. Because our writing today is going to be a shorter piece and because it is going to be the students first time doing argumentative writing, I need to supply them with a very good model. In any event, your essay is going to have the exact standard format and structure. The college essays must be organized in the particular format and design based on the instructions given. Argumentative Writing - Dead or Alive? Be clear about what sort of argument you're making in argumentative writing. Sum up the primary points and main arguments that you're going to support or refute. The target of an argument isn't to attack your opponent or maybe to impress your audience. It is very important to reinforce the key points in the conclusion sensibly. In case you're not sure it's far better to ask again or check with a person who got similar endeavor. Students may effectively defend their claim with reasoning and evidence that's clear, original and compelling, in place of obvious and vague. Strong language and robust evidence are expected to make the readers agree on what's being said by the writer in the whole essay. For this reason, you don't need to give up that easily in the event you find it really hard to handle persuasive writing. Persuasive essay writing is a strong pedagogical tool for teaching argumentation abilities. Write the introduction you can Now sit down to begin writing your essay. Writing an essay is a typical task given to each student in college. An essay may have a lot of intentions, but the fundamental structure of all sort of essays will be same. Us with your assignment rubric, you can be certain they will be dealt with confidentially once you furnish. The structure of the essay is still the exact same generally in the majority of the kinds of essays. In the event that you should compose an extremely general essay, for instance, about capital. Consequently, students may think of different thesis for unique themes to compose essays on hamlet. You could be writing an argumentative essay to argue for a specific point of view or to may do a persuasive essay to spell out the steps necessary to finish a job. Initially, you might want to write down points about your topic when you start to examine it. The collection of the topic ought to depend on your interest because it's essential that you maintain your interest throughout the technology essays writing. Copywriting jobs are among the lucratively paid copywriting work in the world these days. Content writing jobs are readily available through the net and one can so do a content writing job from the boundaries of the house. For that you should do lots of research from various websites i.e. Essay writing services U.S.A.. Our writing service has an effective privacy policy. For instance, one tension in relationships is known as predictability vs. novelty. The persuasive essay is about changing somebody's mind. An argumentative essay presents either side of a problem. While our writers always have it appropriate the exact very first time, there are a couple of circumstances where the submitted article demands a few changes. When you imitate the job written by somebody else and move it as your individual it's generally referred to as plagiarism. If you're feeling unsure at any stage, you should decide on low-cost essay writing services readily available online as opposed to risking for any error. Though, there aren't any hard and fast rules about how to compose an academic paper, by following a couple of precise practices, information and mindset, you can assemble an uncomplicated, trustworthy technique of producing quality academic papers with at least hassle and pressure. The Dirty Facts About Argumentative Writing An academic paper demands careful maturation of the proposed research statement. It would be useful to have an outline according to which you are able to do the job. Analyze your findings Once you've gathered information, you can begin to analyze what you've found.

Susan B. Anthony s Speech On Women s Rights - 948 Words

Susan B. Anthony is considered one of the most influential female characters in the history of the United States, mainly, for her leading role in ending discrimination against women. Moreover, Susan’s arrest for casting an illegal vote in the presidential election of 1872 fueled her even more to fight for women’s rights until her last breath. As a result of this indictment, Susan gave her phenomenal speech on women’s right to vote, that did not only play a major role in ending discrimination against women, but also leaving its prints on the Constitution of the United States. Throughout her speech, Susan uses Aristotelian appeals, which are logos, ethos and pathos, to deliver her message in a dominant and impactful way, which successfully changed the minds of most, if not all, Americans who previously viewed women as inferior. The phraseology mentioned in Susan’s speech was exceedingly powerful and emotionally loaded that it was able to actuate certain emot ions. These words were cable of immersing the audience, mainly the male citizen, in the exact same situation as women; and as a result, being sympathizing with them. Susan dramatizes the society in which men treat women as â€Å"an odious aristocracy† and â€Å"[the most] hateful oligarchy of sex †¦ ever established on the face of the globe† She then implies that this type of government â€Å"which makes father, brothers, husband, sons the oligarchs over the mother and sisters, the wife and daughters† cannot be endured, since women areShow MoreRelatedThe Heroic Of Women Rights807 Words   |  4 PagesThe Heroic of Women Rights In the early eighteen century in Canajoharie New York, Susan B. Anthony, a teacher discovered that men and women have different hourly wages. This commotion made Susan B. Anthony and other female to join the â€Å"teacher union to fight for equal wages.† (â€Å"SusanBAnthony† par.5) Nevertheless there was one problem, - Susan B Anthony continued to fight for the teacher union actively but she had to end her career as a teacher. Under the circumstances, Susan B Anthony had taken a roleRead MoreSusan B. Anthony : An American Icon1462 Words   |  6 PagesSusan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony was a born a fighter she never stopped protesting the morally incorrect in her first years to her last she fought for equality. Susan B. Anthony is an American icon known for her work with the Women Suffrage Movement she influenced the American culture and brought all American women a better future. Her legacy sculpted feminism and helped the community pave the way to equality. Susan B. Anthony was born an activist her family being involved in the Anti-SlaveryRead MoreThe Journey Of Susan B. Anthony1088 Words   |  5 PagesDare to Vote: The Journey of Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony entered the juryless courtroom. A judge sat before her. Just shortly after she arrived, Anthony said, â€Å"I have many things to say. My every right, constitutional, civil, political and judicial has been tramped upon. I have not only had no jury of my peers, but I have had no jury at all† (ecssba.rutgers.edu). Anthony stressed that the laws were not fair only because they were created by men. The courtroom tensed as she made more pointsRead MoreHistorical Female Leaders Exhibiting Civil Disobedience1295 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Female Leaders exhibiting Civil Disobedience Susan B. Anthony lived in a time, 1820-1906, that lacked equality. Thus, She dedicated most of her life’s time to social issues (Susan B. Anthony†). Anthony was known in history as a suffragist and Women’s Rights activist and is recognized for her demonstration of nonviolent resistance also known as civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience is the refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collectiveRead MoreSusan B. Anthony s Speech826 Words   |  4 Pagesyears for women to get the same rights as men after Susan B. Anthony gave her speech? After knowing that it took so many years for that happen, people might start thinking that Anthony’s speech was not effective or she wasn’t able to convince women to fight for their rights. No, that wasn’t a reason for the delay and in fact her speech was very effective. It just took a long period of time for congress to pass the bill that would allow women to vot e and hold an office. Susan B. Anthony’s speech â€Å"On womenRead MoreCult of True Womanhood: Womens Suffrage1299 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1840’s, most of American women were beginning to become agitated by the morals and values that were expected of womanhood. â€Å"Historians have named this the ’Cult of True Womanhood’: that is, the idea that the only ‘true’ woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family† (History.com). Voting was only the right of men, but women were on the brink to let their voices be heard. Women pioneers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote elevenRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Basis Of Equality1645 Words   |  7 Pages- the advocacy of women s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.† Throughout history women have been perceived as these docile,fragile,and inferior type of people. Men were supposed to b e the ones in charge and women were meant to follow along. These women back in the day were conditioned to believe that their place was at home being a good little housewife to their husbands. Women’s thoughts and opinions did not hold the same value as that of a man. There were women that were just fineRead MoreSusan B Anthony In The Womens Suffrage Movement1295 Words   |  6 PagesSusan B. Anthony In The Women’s Suffrage Movement The crucial process of slavery was the biggest economic salvation in the United States for hundreds of years. With time, many evangelical Americans began to emphasize the struggling lives of slaves in order for them to be saved through the grace of their mighty God. In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening rose to power to acknowledge the slaves and their rights as children of God. During the Civil War (1861-1865), the Abolitionist MovementRead MoreBetty Friedan s The Feminine Mystique1099 Words   |  5 Pagesprominently know for her activism, she was also a writer. She used her passion for writing and fight for equal rights and wrote the best-selling book, The Feminine Mystique. This book looks to fight against â€Å"the feminine mystique,† which convinces women that to be a fulfilled woman they must be sexual passive, be dominated by males, and act as a maternal and nurturing type of lover. The argument is women are unable to satisfy themselves or their husbands not because of any sexual problems, but due to theRead More`` What Is A Hero Without Love For Mankind `` By Doris Lessing1559 Words   |  7 Pagespursuit of reform, and those who are passionate about their work are the worthy, deserving heroes. In the aspect of encompassing said traits, Susan B. Anthony is the definition of a worthy hero. In 1820, Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Massachusetts, to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Raised as a Liberal Quaker with sharp features and beliefs, Susan B. Anthony was prompted by her parents to be hard-working, confident, and self-sufficient. In 1846, she moved to Canajoharie, New York, where she accepted

Mental State Exam Process

Question: Discuss about the Mental State Exam Process. Answer: Introduction: According to Mental State Exam (MSE), the thought form or process is the formation of thoughts that are logical and consistent (Akiskal 2016). These thoughts are inferred through a persons expression of ideas and speech. There are many characteristics that help to study the thought form in a person. Firstly, the person makes comments that are highly irrelevant showing derailment or loose associations. Secondly, there is tangible thinking or flight of ideas that shows change of topics. Thirdly, there is circumstantial thinking reflecting extreme vagueness. Fourthly, the person use nonsense words and use of halted speech. There is also blocking or thought racing (Arevalo?Rodriguez et al. 2015). The evaluation of a persons thinking according to their thought nature or content. It is characterized by delusions like the false beliefs are rigidly held that are not consistent or relevant to a persons background (Hom et al. 2015). They have unreasonable belief or overvalued ideas. They are preoccupied and experience depressive thoughts. They are inclined to homicidal ideation, aggression, self-harm or suicidal attitude. They have repetitive thoughts about a catastrophic outcome accompanied by compulsive behavior. They also suffer from having heightened or generalized anxiety with unexplained reasons (Haller et al. 2014). In the given case study, Annabelle showed disturbances in her thought content and form. She wringed her hands and paced showing that she is in constant danger or fear indicating anxiety. While interviewing her, she frequently interrupted and changed topic showing tangential thinking signifying problems in thought form. During the interview, she smiled, muttered and said that it is in her veins showing sores on her arms that she was constantly picking up indicating self harm. She also showed derailment or loose associations with the reality when she changed her topic from sores on her arms to falling of the planet. She showed sudden disappointment and sob in distress saying that the children are getting hurt that indicated obsession about a catastrophic outcome. According to MSE, perceptions are sensory experiences that include disturbances like hallucinations, illusions or dissociative characters (Fnelon 2013). The screening is important to detect mental health conditions like mood disorders, severe anxiety or psychosis. The auditory hallucinations are widely known in which a person does self talk or hear inner voice. A person also hears instructive voices telling them to do something. In some cases, hallucinations are accompanied by extreme distress or fear. Illusions are also experienced in which a person perceives things in an unusual or unrealistic manner. The dissociative symptoms consist of the depersonalization and derealization in which a person feels that the surrounding objects are not real and feels detached from one respectively. In the given case study, Annabelle has disturbances in both visual and auditory senses experiencing hallucinations with false auditory and visual perceptions. During the interview with her mother, she stared at the ceiling and then shouted in distress saying shut up as if she heard a loud noise. Again she looked up at the ceiling she could hear children being hurt and on hearing that she slumped to the floor shouting in distress. This is related to auditory hallucinations experienced by Annabelle. In the meanwhile, she stopped screaming and slides down the hall saying to forgive her and she does not mean to hurt anyone. As said by her mother, she locked herself in the room and spoke to herself indicating auditory hallucination in which she could hear voices talking to her. She also showed dissociative symptoms as she locked herself in the room showing loose associations with her family and friends. Her looking at the ceiling terrified indicates that she experienced visual hallucinati ons. The affect and mood are one of the domains that are assessed during the mental state examination (Cumming et al. 2013). According to MSE, relationship between mood and emotional effect is like the weather and the season. The emotional experiences of a person over a prolonged period of time are defined as mood (Godefroy et al. 2011). The affects is defined as the immediate response or expressions related to emotions. The mood can be explained by happiness in terms of lowered, elevated, depressed or ecstatic. The irritability could be explained by explosive or calmness. Stability also defines mood of a person. A patient describes mood in their own words in terms like anxious, angry, euphoric or apathetic. Affect is the non verbal form of behavior described by apparent emotions conveyed by a person. It could be measured by many parameters like range, reactivity, intensity, mobility or in terms of appropriateness. It may also be described by the range in terms of flat, blunt, restricted or expansive. The appropriateness is assessed in terms of congruence, inappropriateness or appropriateness. The labile or stable with regard to stability defines affect (Andreassi 2013). Annabelles mood is very fluctuating and there are disparities in the range and intensity of her effect. She showed extreme sadness and distress while she was brought to the Emergency Department. At the first instance, she showed pangs of fear while she was pacing down the corridor and wringed her wrist. Her gaze and manner ranged from fear to being hostile. Her intensity of the effect is incongruous as she was not in harmony with her surroundings. She also showed flat or heightened intensity describing her range of effect. At times she showed heightened range while looking at the ceiling intensely, sweating palms and dilated pupils. And the next moment she was blunt showing reduction in the range effect. During her interview, she approached with a smile indicating happy mood and the next moment she looked terrified. She showed explosive mood while she denotes that she could hear childrens voices seeking help. She was unstable as she could not sit still for a while and was incongruent towards the older women trying to relax her. Abnormalities in terms of activity that includes abnormal movements, level of activity in a person, arousal and observations of the patients eye movements (Andreassi 2013). The attention to ones behavior is important during an examination especially to non verbal communication. The MSE examination provides information about Annabelles emotional attitude, behavior and her appearance. Annabelles behavior was quiet weird. When she arrived she was odd in her dressing. She was dishevelled and dirty. Initially after entering the cubicle she appeared to be scared, terrified with sweating palms and showed a feeling of suspicion. Her behavior was confusing as in one moment she smiled and then muttered in herself in the next moment. Her behavior demonstrated a tendency of self harm as wringed her wrist and picked up sores in her hand. Movement of her eyes was denoting a state of heightened level of anxiety. She had difficulty in concentrating over one thing as she was switching topics before any of it could be well understood or interpreted. Moreover her speech was disorganized that made the communication with her more difficult. It was clearly evident that the client had distorted perception. After arriving the cubicle her behavior changed into several forms and her face expressed variety of feelings from happy, sad, depressed, stress, despair, and furious. Her sudden tr ansition to aggressive and agitated form by screaming and sliding down the wall was irrational. Again transforming soon into distressed and despair girl crying for hurting children without any explaining were clear symptoms of psychosis. Her behavior and responses were suspicious. It was not realistic as she appeared to feel, see, hear things that were not existing. Whatever she spoke was completely disorganized and appeared to based on false beliefs. Either she was hyperresponsive or unresponsive. Overall her behavior was odd and erratic which indicated her experiencing hallucinations, delusions which are the clear symptoms of psychosis. References Akiskal, H.S., 2016. The mental status examination. InThe Medical Basis of Psychiatry(pp. 3-16). Springer New York. Andreassi, J.L., 2013.Psychophysiology: Human behavior physiological response. Psychology Press. Arevalo?Rodriguez, I., Smailagic, N., Roqu i Figuls, M., Ciapponi, A., Sanchez?Perez, E., Giannakou, A., Pedraza, O.L., Bonfill Cosp, X. and Cullum, S., 2015. Mini?Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).The Cochrane Library. Cumming, T.B., Churilov, L., Lindn, T. and Bernhardt, J., 2013. Montreal Cognitive Assessment and MiniMental State Examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke.Acta Neurologica Scandinavica,128(2), pp.122-129. Fnelon, G., 2013. Hallucinations associated with neurological disorders and sensory loss. InThe Neuroscience of Hallucinations(pp. 59-83). Springer New York. Godefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J.M., Lamy, C., Canaple, S. and Petitnicolas, G., 2011. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation.Stroke,42(6), pp.1712-1716. Haller, H., Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Gass, F. and Dobos, G.J., 2014. The prevalence and burden of subthreshold generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry,14(1), p.1. Hom, M.A., Stanley, I.H. and Joiner, T.E., 2015. Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: a review of the literature.Clinical psychology review,40, pp.28-39.

Social Justice in Education

Justice in every contemporary society is a matter of concern. Social justice as advocated by the human rights is focused towards ensuring that human rights are equally available to all persons regardless of their ethnic origins, religions, social status and gender (Gigacz, 2007). Religious institutions and schools are then mandated to ensure that schools have included social justice education in their curriculum. The purpose of teaching justice in schools is deeply rooted in the religious teachings (Mananzan, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The education pertaining to justice subsists to promote and encourage fairness both in schools and in the community. In the New Testament, the Bible through the Christ teachings emphasises on the agape love as justice that goes beyond mere relationship with our friends but with our enemies (Groome, 1997). Ther efore, by maintaining a clear distinction between the education about justice in the classroom and offering various channels of justice execution in the wider school environment is a crucial step towards realizing social justice in the school environment and the community as a whole. With a clear distinction between justice taught in class and justice allowed to thrive in the school environments, teachers can be able to observe how their students perceive and response to social injustices in the society and within the school set up. Through this, students’ behaviours and responses to ethnicity, religions, social status and gender can be closely monitored. This practise then mandates that the school administration provides channels and means through which social justice and fairness can flourish. They are then expected to put relentless effort to counterbalance all tendencies trying to sideline all the marginalized members within the school environment. As such, the school pol icies and strategies should be, free of gender, religious, social status and ethnic biases. This approach will ultimately lead to better appreciation of the minority students. In mono-cultural education, the fellow students and teachers usually look down upon minority students (Mananzan, 2002). However, by clearly differentiating between educating about justice in the classroom and offering the establishment of justice, teachers will promote the acceptance of cultural diversity. Tuohy in his writings illustrates how the catholic teachings promote and advocate thoughts and actions in their social teachings (Tuohy, 2005). Similarly By outlining the distinction between the forms of justice in the classroom set-up and offering the execution of justice in the wider school environment, students should not only depend on their teachers’ opinions, but also equally develop their own opinions in this regard.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tuohy suggest that the world of thought inspired from class work introduces the students to values, principles and ideas that guide them in their daily activities. Likewise the world of actions demands that the principles and ideas learnt in class must be translated practically into the students lives (Tuohy, 2005). By doing so, students will demonstrate that they are respectable thinking beings. Through their class-derived knowledge on social justice, they can examine their own identities in the environment in a just manner. Similarly, by allowing students to learn on their own, we let them to have multiple viewpoints in solving different issues affecting them. Therefore, through the effective appreciation of social justice by students and their teachers, we not only differentiate between the justice taught in class and the justice formed within our settings, but also understand that every person can on their own develop a nd engage with others in a free and just society. With a clear distinction, teachers and the school staff will not only teach their students, but will also serve them by acting as role models. This implies that teachers must demonstrate to students through words and actions the importance of being just by respecting, caring and loving them. Through these acts, teachers will initiate and spark critical thinking and curiosity among their students. The failure to differentiate between the justices taught in the classroom and practiced justice means that we have introduced academic aspects in the social justice education (Mananzan, 2002). With a clear distinction between the two, students would not only put into practice what they have learnt in class, but would also have the chance to understand their real world challenges. Some teachers only focus on teaching their students the social education without emphasizing on the practical justice experiences challenging students such as gende r and racial discrimination. With such teaching methodologies, students will only major on cramming their class work for passing their exams. Normally student under the guidance of such teachers adopt poor social skills (Mananzan, 2002). All types of education including social justice are geared towards making a difference in students’ lives both in school and outside the community (Mananzan, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It must engender transformative approaches by students, teachers and the community at large. To achieve this cause, social justice education should not only be taught in class, but also be allowed to thrive through practical actions in classrooms, school environment and in the society. This calls for students to be critical, analyze the world from their own perspective, and take actions as per their insights (Mananzan, 2002). As Tuohy suggest, School religious education aims at promoting ethical thinking and actions in the society. In this regard, students are introduced to ethical ideas, values and principles aimed at promoting just behaviours both in school and in the society (Tuohy, 2005). By actions, these students are supposed to demonstrate practically what they have learnt in class. The school as a centre where concepts are develop and conveyed means that religious teachings through clear distinction of forms of justice will be refined. By clearly differentiating between the educations about justice in the classroom and offering the formation for justice in the wider school environment, we encourage students to embrace both Bibliotherapy and case studies (Ferreira, 2008). The Bibliotherapy process allows students to solve their problems through reading class books and other relevant articles. There are several religious books and articles available in our schools. When students assess thes e articles, they are encouraged to become more morally upright and just as the religious education permits. Similarly, through case studies, students stimulate and initiate their own critical thinking to help them in solving their day-to-day problems. In this regard, teachers encourage their students to collect data about social injustices in the society. This data, relative to their moral issues, undergoes critical examination and analysis. Like the previous method, this method permits students to learn acceptable morals and encourages them to uphold justice in their daily endeavours. Thus, the two methods equally contribute to the refining of the religious education in our schools. To highlight the concept taught in the Bible and other religious books, religious education aims at instilling favourable behaviours and habits in students’ lives through teachings of peace and social justice (Groome, 1997). Social justice education permits just and fair environment in our societ y. This implies that through the learning and application of social justice between the students and school workforce, students are moulded into morally upright and just individuals. All these attributes as advocated in religious education imply that students are not only going to enjoy their religious lessons, but also comprehend the message passed by these lessons and employ it bettering themselves.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the emphasis of actions and reflection in these teaching approaches such as need for a critical reflection is eminent as constituted by several religious teachings and ministries (Mananzan, 2002). To ensure the continuation of the work on justice, teachers will conduct further research to understand the background culture of their students hence unmasking their personal insights and prejudices against other cultures and religions. As a result, the teachers will have a preview of those who suffer from injustices including their minority students. In the course of this process, our instincts and guilt are going to convict us to live morally upright and justified lives as advocated by the religious lessons in our schools. Religious education emphasizes on social justice, and a moral society implies that social justice should be design in such a manner as to promote and allow justice to prevail among school set-ups. Likewise, religious lessons and most religious articles en courage readers to maintain a healthy and good relationship with the authorities (Tuohy, 2005). Thus, through the clear distinction of the taught form of justice and the created justice, students learn and foster good relationships among themselves, teachers and the community members. In this regard, the students will have refined their religious lessons teachings and values. References Ferreira, J. (2008). Today’s Catholic Teacher, Essential teaching strategies that facilitate student moral development (pp. 78-83.). no city of publication: no puplisher. Gigacz, S. (2007). â€Å"’See, judge, act’ more than truth by consensus† in Eureka Street. No city of publication: no puplisher. Groome, T. (1997). The church’s ministry of justice and peace. In Sharing faith. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.. Mananzan, M. (2002). Globalisation and the perennial question of justice. In Spiritual  questions for the Twenty-first century. New York: M.H. (Ed), Orbi s. Tuohy, D. (2005). Catholic social teaching in action. Tuohy, D. (2005). Catholic social teaching in education. In Molloy. C. (Ed) (pp. 113-127 ). Dublin: Columba Press.. This essay on Social Justice in Education was written and submitted by user Selah Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Case Study LensCrafters

Case Study LensCrafters Operations Strategy LensCrafters specializes in the manufacture of eyeglasses. It has about 860 service shops in which customers watch over the process of assembling their glasses, which are custom made for one’s special needs. Although the company wishes to expand its markets to take full advantage of economies scale as part of its long-term operations strategies, LensCrafters occupies markets in Canada, Puerto Rico, and United States.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: LensCrafters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More LensCrafters anticipates winning confidence of its customers to ensure sustainable business through the provision of quality products and services. These concerns for the operational strategy of the company are implied in the mission of the company, which states that the company endeavors to deliver legendary services to customers while â€Å"crafting perfect quality eyewear in about an hour† (Designing Operations Systems, n.d, p.126). Based on this mission, it is possible that the operations strategy of LensCrafters, which operates as the main mechanism of gaining competitive advantage, is organized around the need of delivering value to customers as the most valuable source of success. According to Pfeifer, Mark, and Conroy (2005), a strategic decision of an organization to focus on delivering values to customers is crucial. In fact, without them, an organization cannot dispose its products to earn profits and/or deliver value to its owners (p.13). Consequently, when LensCrafters focuses on creating value to customers through giving them an opportunity to watch over the process of making their eyewear, it implies that its sustainability efforts possess high probabilities of yielding fruits. The success of this strategy is akin to the development of perception in customers’ that satisfying their needs does not just entail picking an eyewear from t he shop shelves. Rather, it encompasses carrying a detailed analysis of the need of the customer to ensure that the specific needs of each client are fully addressed. How operation management activities affect the customer experience Operations management involves various activities, which enhance customers’ experiences and satisfaction. From the context of supply chain management, operations management houses activities such as â€Å"overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services† (Janvier, 2012, p.199). The manner of design of the production process and delivery of products influences the experiences of customers in terms of satisfaction of tastes, preferences, and aesthetic value of products as implied by customer perceptions. In case of eyewear, apart from the capacity to satisfy the medical need of the eyewear, aesthetics properties are also incredible properties of produc ts in the effort to enhance customers’ experience.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In operations management, several challenges are evident. Two of these challenges are communication and change management. In an organization, situations are encountered in which issues fall out of hand with instances in which an organization finds it hard to get people to seal the missing loops of communication within the appropriate time. This often happens when there is miscommunication or inappropriate interpretation of information that is meant to enhance the process of making quality decisions in an organization (Slack, Chambers Johnston, 2010). In such situations, mails, documents together with conversations are sent to various people only to land in the wrong hands or else arriving to the right people at the wrong time. Consequently, when problems emerge, people start blaming one another on various failures. To address this problem, operations managers should alter various communication structures in an organization. This strategy includes breaking down bureaucratic communication networks to permit vertical and horizontal communication. By accomplishing this role, it becomes possible to make clarifications concerning the issue of miscommunication and wrong attachment of meaning to information.  Any organization, including LensCrafters, which wishes to gain a competitive advantage and/or build a sustainable brand, must address the challenge of change management. Essentially, people are reluctant to change especially once they become accustomed to a given working culture (Slack, Chambers Johnston, 2010). In the process of execution of various operation strategies, operations managers anticipate achieving all plans within constrained timelines, with precise quality standards, and without flaws. However, in practice, this strategy is not pos sible since flaws are often inevitable. Managers have to face the challenges of project scope changes, personnel, and even alterations of various project parameters including timelines of various tasks. Such changes have negative consequences to an organization such as consumption of additional financial resources. To resolve the problem of change management, it is important that operations managers seek and/or embrace flexibility in terms of willingness to alter plans, information vital for completion of tasks in new ways, and more importantly embrace close collaboration with all stakeholders. This implies that, to develop the capacity to address challenges of change management, the organizational protocols for process execution need to have flexible command chains.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: LensCrafters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More LensCrafters’ value chain The value chain of Lens Crafters is organized around customer perceptions about the nature and quality of products and services. From the perspective of the nature of services, the appeal of the stores of the company is a major concern. It is for this reason that the company ensures, â€Å"the store is spacious, open, clean, carpeted, and has professional merchandise display area fitted with modern furniture† (Designing Operations Systems, n.d, p.127). With this glamour of the store, it means that customers would associate the eyewear offered by LensCrafters with specialty, aesthetic, and confidence in terms of appeal while wearing them. In fact, if customers go home with the glasses and find that they do not meet this brand image, the company is flexible enough to reaccept the glasses in exchange for another pair that meets the needs of clients through its unconditional 30-day service guarantee strategy. In delivering value to customers through the provision of quality products and services, inputs of employees are vital. This position is perhaps magnificently clear in the operations strategy of the LensCrafters. The company frames its key issues for consideration at the service counters with regard to the satisfaction of both employees and customers. For instance, the company considers various issues that are worth paying sufficient attention to ensure that right people are recruited, trained, and motivated to enhance quality service at the customer service counters. The issue of rewards system is also not left behind. This strategy is an attempt to build employee commitment to the value, mission, and objectives of the organization. In fact, in any organization, employees are the people who are in close contact with customers to whom value must be delivered. Hence, even though organizational structures may be developed by the management team to enhance customers’ satisfaction and value delivery, their implementation is solely in the hands of employees. This assertion perhaps points well why the value chain for LensCrafters revolves around the aspects, which are in close contact with customers such as employees and the physical presence of the stores. Performance measurements Organizations must evaluate the extents of achievement of their goals, strategies, and operations in an effort to develop indicators that show whether the outputs measure up to the inputs as anticipated. LensCarfters can deploy several performance measurements. They include efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, quality, safety, and timeline performance measurements. The operations strategies of the LensCarfters that are deemed appropriate for ensuring that the organization gains a competitive advantage in the eyewear industry are structured in terms of value delivery to the customers.  Customers are cautious about the quality of the eyewear they purchase from LensCarfters. Hence, it is important for the company to develop quality performance measurements.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This goal can be achieved by development of a scale for rating â€Å"the degree to which a product or service meets customer requirements and expectations† (Ittner Larcker, 2008, p.215). A more simplistic scale would be keeping track of the number of returns and customer complaints. A lesser number of returns and customer complaints would imply a high quality of the eyewear offered by LensCrafters. An organization not only exists to offer quality products and services to customers. It also provides value to investors. Hence, a performance measure for effectiveness is necessary for LensCrafters. Such a measurement would help the company to know the degree to which the company is capable of producing outputs at minimal costs. Lower costs indicate a higher net of value return. Usage of effectiveness performance measurement at the company would mean that, in case it is realized that the company is cost ineffective, strategies should be deployed to alter operations and technologi es. Ineffective production technologies have the implication of low production outputs, which influence the competitive advantage of an organization together with its sustainability (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2010). Technologies applied to LensCrafters’ service operations Technology is dynamic. To avoid obsolescence, it is important for an organization to adopt flexible technologies. Flexibility is crucial since it creates opportunities for fast and cost effective switchover from one production technology to another when such a need arises. LensCafters may be viewed as deploying customized production technology. The company produces its products based on orders placed by clients upon successful testing to determine the type of product that best suits a particular customer’s needs. Since mass flow is not involved, high mechanization through the usage of single purpose machineries is not used in the making of glasses. This implies that the company has the flexibility i n terms of having the capacity to fit in new designs of eyewear. Customized production technology has its own demerits. For instance, it is incredibly difficult to determine the types of materials to procure since it is not precisely known what is likely to be demanded by a given customer and in what magnitudes. Consequently, although the company insists that it strategically focuses on one-hour service delivery, challenges emerge when urgent ordering of raw materials is required to meet the needs of special customers. Another important production technology showcased by LensCrafters is the just-in-time production technology. Under this technology, products are produced just at the right time when they are required. This helps in the reduction of waste accumulation. Wastes refer to finished stocks, work in progress, and raw materials that are held in stores among other things that are associated with unfinished products. In the context of LensCrafters, this technology is important s ince it enhances effective performance of the organization through the reduction of the costs associated with the handling of wastes. Reference List Designing Operations Systems (n.d). An integrated case study of LensCrafters. London: Routlege. Ittner, C., Larcker, D. (2008). Coming up Short on Nonfinancial Performance Measurement. Harvard Business Review, 2(1), 212-223. Janvier, M. (2012). A new introduction to supply chain management: Definitions and theories perspective. International Business Research, 5(1), 194-207. Pfeifer, P., Mark, H., Conroy, R. (2005). Customer Lifetime Value, Customer Profitability, and the Treatment of Acquisition Spending. Journal of Managerial, 17(1), 11-26. Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R. (2010).Operations Management. New Jersey: Person Education.

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chiles Military Dictator

Biography of Augusto Pinochet, Chile's Military Dictator Augusto Pinochet (November 25, 1915–December 10, 2006) was an army officer and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. His years in power were marked by inflation, poverty, and the ruthless repression of opposition leaders. Pinochet was involved in Operation Condor, a cooperative effort by several South American governments to remove leftist opposition leaders, often by murder. Several years after stepping down, he was charged with war crimes concerning his time as president but died in 2006 before being convicted on any charges. Fast Facts: Augusto Pinochet Known For: Dictator of ChileBorn: Nov. 25, 1915 in Valparaiso, ChileParents: Augusto Pinochet Vera, Avelina Ugarte MartinezDied: Dec. 10, 2006 in Santiago, ChileEducation: Chilean War AcademyPublished Works: The Crucial DaySpouse: Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guezChildren: Augusto Osvaldo, Jacqueline Marie, Lucà ­a, Marco Antonio, Marà ­a Verà ³nicaNotable Quote: Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist. Early Life Pinochet was born on Nov. 25, 1915, in Valparaiso, Chile to descendants of French settlers who had come to Chile more than a century before. His father was a middle-class government worker. The eldest of six children, Pinochet married Marà ­a  Lucà ­a  Hiriart  Rodrà ­guez in 1943 and they had five children. He entered Chilean War Academy when he turned 18  and graduated in four years as a sub-lieutenant. Military Career Begins Pinochet rose quickly through the ranks despite the fact that Chile was never at war during his military career. In fact, Pinochet never saw combat while he was in the military; the closest he came was as the commander of a detention camp for Chilean Communists. Pinochet lectured at the War Academy and wrote five  books on politics and warfare. By 1968, he was promoted to brigadier general. Pinochet and Allende In 1948, Pinochet met future President Salvador Allende, a young Chilean senator who was a socialist. Allende had come to visit the concentration camp then run by Pinochet, where many Chilean Communists were being held. In 1970, Allende was elected president, and he promoted Pinochet to be commander of the Santiago garrison. Over the next three years, Pinochet proved invaluable to Allende by helping put down opposition to Allende’s economic policies, which were devastating the nation’s economy. Allende promoted Pinochet to commander-in-chief of all Chilean armed forces in August 1973. The Coup of 1973 Allende, as it turned out, had made a grave mistake by putting his trust in Pinochet. With the people in the streets and the countrys economy in shambles, the military moved to take over the government. On Sept. 11, 1973, less than three weeks after he had been made the commander-in-chief, Pinochet directed his troops to take Santiago, the capital, and he ordered an airstrike on the presidential palace. Allende died defending the palace, and Pinochet was made part of a four-man ruling junta led by the commanders of the army, air force, police, and navy. Later, he seized absolute power. Operation Condor Pinochet and Chile were heavily involved in Operation Condor, a collaborative effort among the governments of Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to control leftist dissidents such as the MIR, or Movement of the Revolutionary Left, in Bolivia, and the Tupamaros, a band of Marxist revolutionaries that operated in Uruguay. The effort consisted mainly of a series of kidnappings, disappearances, and assassinations of prominent opponents of the right-wing regimes in those countries. The Chilean DINA, a feared secret police force, was one of the driving organizations behind the operation. It is unknown how many people were killed during Operation Condor, but most of the estimates range well into the thousands. The Economy Pinochet’s team of U.S.-educated economists, who were known as â€Å"the Chicago Boys,† advocated lowering taxes, selling state-run businesses, and encouraging foreign investment. These reforms led to sustained growth, prompting the phrase â€Å"The Miracle of Chile.† However, the reforms also led to a decline in wages and a spike in unemployment, and there was a severe recession from 1980 to 1983. Steps Down In 1988, a nationwide referendum on Pinochet resulted in a majority of the people voting to deny him another term as their president. Elections were held in 1989 and the opposition candidate, Christian Democrat  Patricio Aylwin, was victorious. However, Pinochet’s supporters continued to hold enough influence in the Chilean parliament to block many proposed reforms. Pinochet remained in office until Aylwin was installed as president on March 11, 1990, although as an ex-president he remained a senator for life. He also kept his position as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Legal Troubles and Death Pinochet might have been out of the limelight, but the victims of Operation Condor did not forget about him. In October 1998, he was in the United Kingdom for medical reasons. Seizing upon his presence in a country with an extradition treaty, his opponents brought charges against him in a Spanish court in connection with the  torture  of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. He was charged with several counts of murder, torture, and kidnapping. The charges were dismissed in 2002 on the grounds that Pinochet, by then in his late 80s, was too unhealthy to stand trial. Further charges were brought against him in 2006, but Pinochet died on December 10 of that year in Santiago before the prosecution could proceed. Legacy   Many Chileans are divided on the topic of their former dictator. Some say they see him as a savior who rescued them from the socialist policies of Allende and who did what had to be done in a turbulent time to prevent anarchy and communism. They point to the growth of the economy under Pinochet and claim he was a patriot who loved his country. Others say he was a ruthless despot directly responsible for thousands of murders, in most cases for no more than thought crimes. They believe his economic success was not all it seemed because unemployment was high and wages were low during his rule. Regardless of these differing views, it is undeniable that Pinochet was one of the most important figures of the 20th century in South America. His involvement in Operation Condor made him the poster boy for violent dictatorship, and his actions led many in his country never to trust their government again.   Sources Dinges, John. The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. Paperback, Reprint edition, The New Press, June 1, 2005.ï » ¿The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2018). Augusto Pinochet: President of Chile.

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers Dissertation

A Study of Performances Improvement on IT Project Management Workers ..A Case Study of China's C Information Technologies Co - Dissertation Example Moreover, Maslow’s motivational theory is used in understanding the motivation for improved performance within C Information Technologies Ltd. More importantly, the evaluation and discussion of factors affecting the performance of individuals and the strategies used by companies to improve performance are analysed and discussed within the paper. Introduction and Background The human resource function of contemporary organizations has revealed an increased focus on performance management for IT employees. Wikina (2008, p. 19) explains that this is attributed to the increased competitiveness within various markets and the changes in work activities which emanate from the advancement of information and communication technology. Performance management involves employee evaluation within the IT department which acts as a guideline for the needs of employees for skills, knowledge and abilities that will allow them to improve their productivity and performance at the work place (Gheo rghe & Hack, 2007, p. 17). China is a very competitive and rapidly growing economy especially within the IT sector. In addition, companies operating in China have experienced tremendous changes in the recent past which are related to the changing business environment and the demand for IT expertise. It is because of these challenges that most organizations and companies within China have demonstrated an increased regard for performance improvement for IT staff through employee development and training. This paper presents a report on the investigation on performance improvement among IT project management workers within C Information Technologies Ltd. The Chinese company acts as a case study for this investigation which is aimed at achieving a deeper understanding of the process of performance management as it is applicable within this company. More specifically, the study will achieve an analysis and evaluation of the characteristics of the company’s IT staff such as skills and attitudes towards work. This analysis will be conjugated with a study on the various factors which affect the performance of the C Information Technologies Ltd.’s IT staff with a view of determining the need for improvement. Furthermore the paper explores past literature on the topic to analyse and discuss the factors affecting performance management and the best strategies of improving the performance of the IT project workers within the IT industry. More significantly though is the fact that this study applies scientific methodology approach in meeting the following research questions and objectives. Objectives of the Study 1. To explore upon the theoretical framework on incentives and motivation of IT project staff which contributes to improved performance 2. To find out the important factors which affect job performance of IT project staff 3. To determine the most effective techniques and strategies in performance management which will improve the performance of IT pr oject staff within C Information Technologies Ltd. Research Questions 1. What are the performance characteristics of IT project staff within C Information Technologies Ltd? 2. What theoretical framework describes the motivations and incentives behind the level of performance among the c C Information Tec

Organizational Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Analysis Paper - Essay Example ts of current policy regarding cash ordering systems, an assigned project team at SARAH proposed a somewhat radical change to internal processes and the much-required implementation of web-based, convenient cash ordering technologies. Despite the triumphs associated and a series of positive outcomes, failure to identify discrepancies in the implementation (including lack of on-the-job training and a variety of system glitches) have caused tremendous problems with the adaptation of the new cash ordering system. This report identifies the nature of these oversights and further proposes a step-by-step action plan for implementing change associated with the new, integrated technologies. Through extensive analyses, it was determined that employee training, feedback, and the creation of a culture valuing continuous improvement were necessary to streamline the new project at SARAH bank so as to provide increasing value to the organization and its customers. SARAH Bank is a flexible and progressive organization, focusing on contemporary leadership practices and continuous improvements both in terms of internal processes and customer relationship management. The vision of SARAH Bank is to emerge as the â€Å"Customer’s First Choice Bank†, however in order to make this goal a tangible reality, SARAH required significant strategic change which involved restructuring the organizational hierarchy and the adoption of new business models and internal philosophies. The organization is now heavily engrossed in the process of streamlining business functions to best accomplish its vision, including new acquisitions and the development of new products and services. These aggressive objectives had created a significant business challenge, specifically involving the efforts in adopting new products and associated technologies. The organizational unit responsible for the overall supply of cash to its branches and corporate clients within the State determined the necessity for a

Current Event Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Current Event Alcohol Essay This article is very surprising in the fact that the understanding of binge drinking is changing. It has been apparent for some time now that excessively drinking has been a problem but it is now under the microscope of having a positive light to the young population. This study had articulated how binge drinking is being looked at and what is changing across student college campuses. The article was based within a college campus, they were studying who or why college students binge drink. They found that students that are perceived as being â€Å"high status† are socially connected and mentally happier. On the other hand those that are considered â€Å"low-status† were deemed to not being as happy, especially in terms of the satisfaction of their college life. This study is trying to show college students correlation with alcohol and what may be happening as a whole within a certain community. As college students we are known to have very high stress, alcohol, is said to help lower this stress. The national institute on alcohol abuse says,†over 400,00 students between the ags of 18 and 24 had unprotected sex as a result of their drinking† all of these statistics are worrisome. It is hard to understand why this is becoming such a problem but as it is described here, it can be directly associated with peer pressure and failure of education about the matter. Binge drinking is a major problem within our society. Even though this article is only from one university it can be multiplied and used to inform and educate other universities across the United States. If we don’t understand the effects it is making now we will not be able to control the future generations. This is particularly close to family ties considering many young adults are dying every year from excess drinking. From the article they state that, â€Å"1,700 college student deaths can be attributed to excessive drinking. † This statistic alone proves that it is a problem that could be prevented with proper education or different drinking laws. The culture within the United States put such a high emphasis on drinking. We learned and talked about how when something is illegal it makes more people want to try it or use the certain substance, I believe this can be directly connected with alcohol in teens and young adults. It I no urprise to me that the statistic of those that are classified as binge drinkers is so high, they say it is â€Å"peer pressure at its finest†, but I wouldn’t only correlate it to be from that but also from our; parents, educators, and role models not creating a clear understanding of how dangerous it can be and is. I agree with their statement that, †we want to make clear that we believe binge drinking is a really dangerous and ultimately self destructive behavior, and that a social power structure that promotes this is a bad thing†. This sentence really amplifies the need for change. This article is almost making a plea for people to understand and have knowledge of this subject. It has been passed over and if we don’t stop this power trip alcohol is having on young adults we wont realize when we have changed the older generation of society as a whole. On the other hand I believe since this was only done within one small university, in order to have collected and statistic information more studies would need to be done to find an average across the United States. This article was an eye opener for me to some of the crazy statistics that are out there and primarily tied to the use of alcohol. This study is only one example of how alcohol is affecting our society. It may makes some college students happier about their college experience but in the long run it will catch up to you and hurt not only yourself but those around you, as we have talked about this many times in class. Overall I would hope you evaluate your own personal decision and decide what is your best option. Don’t let other dictate how you should live or what they think is the best way to live.

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Cloning - Stronger, Smarter, and More Perfect Humans A few years ago if you were to ask someone about the possibilities of cloning they would most likely say it was impossible. This attitude towards cloning has been held into belief up until recently when scientists in Scotland cloned a sheep. And immediately after scientists in Oregon cloned a monkey (Fackelmann 276). The most major breakthroughs of the century in science has occurred and we are not ready for it. The scientific breakthrough of cloning has caused a great deal of controversy in the media and also in the government. The advantages of cloning are tremendous to the human race and cannot be ignored. I believe that cloning humans is what the human race needs to advance. Humans would be stronger, smarter, and more perfect. Scientists could remove bad genes from the parents and replace it with a good one. If one of the parents had a bad gene or hereditary disease this could be removed from the embryo and replaced with another "clean" gene. This process is called embryo screening it is used to determine if the child has received the defective gene. Several embryos could be cloned, then the DNA from one of the embryos would then be removed and standard genetic testing would be used to detect whether or not that embryo contained the genetic disease. If this cloned embryo containd a disease then one of the other embryos could be used for implantation in a parent, this guarantees that the child would be free of genetic disease (Marshall 1025). For those who disagree with cloning I am sure if there child could be saved from a genetic disease they would reconsider cloning. Imagine if one of your friends or family members was in need of a liver or kidney. Most likely you would donate your own liver or kidney to save there life. But then you are one organ short. Well this happens a lot and seems to work fine. But if they needed a new heart you might have trouble finding one. Not if you had a clone of yourself that could supply you with a new organ or maybe even a relatives organ that was naturally stronger (Cloning 1117). Someone could replace their old organs with new ones and extend their life span. Thousands of lives that could be saved if we had the technology and advanced science of cloning available. Even accepting an organ from a relative it may fail, it has to be compatible with our body system , if its your clone, then its

Kinship and the Inuit People

It takes a certain type of person to be able to survive the harsh freezing climate of the Arctic. The Inuit, descendants of the Thule have been surviving along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Davis Strait, and Labrador Sea for over 1,000 years. The kinship relationships among the Inuit people are very important to their way of life and survival. Every family unit consists of the nuclear family. This is the most common type of unit in a foraging society, such as the Inuit. The nuclear family is the mother and/or father and their children. Occasionally, the Inuit nuclear family will include a spouses’ widowed mother or father or a single adult sibling. The village will contain several other households sharing kin members. This is important because they participate in generalized reciprocity. Generalized reciprocity is a form of exchange where there is no expectation for the immediate return of an item or service in exchange for something else. The different households visit each other, share food, and work together to complete everyday tasks. During the seal hunting season, about 15 different households come to work together. This is very important because seals are used for more than just their meat. They use the sealskins for various things such as boot liners, waterproofing clothes, houses, and kayaks, and the blubber for household lighting. However, â€Å"whenever food was abundant, sharing among non-relatives was avoided, since every family was supposedly capable of obtaining the necessary catch. In situations of scarcity, however, caribou meat was more evenly distributed throughout camp† (Laird & Nowak, 2010, p 3. ). This generalized reciprocity helps to ensure the survival of the people in times of need. However, because it is not done all the time, there is little conflict. During times of scarcity, the Inuit people have practiced infanticide. One of the reasons they do this is so the older children or adults do not starve. However, it has been noticed that they prefer female over male infanticide. This is most likely because the boys will grow up to be the hunters. A few women do hunt, but it is considered the men’s responsibility. Women do contribute to the food by gathering grasses, berries, tubers, stems, and seaweed. However, because there is very little vegetation in the Arctic, women are not the main contributors of food. They process and prepare the meats the men bring home. Women are expected to take care of the children and the house. This is one of the closest similarities between our culture and theirs’. In our society, women are still considered the primary caretaker of children and elder family members. Women are expected to come home from work or â€Å"berry gathering† and prepare dinner. Women run the household chores such as cleaning and laundry. Inuit women clean and sew for the children and men, except when the men go away to hunt and have to do it themselves. In our culture, men sometimes help with household chores, such as cooking, although they have the option of ordering in. Our culture also practices generalized reciprocity. Families gather together to share meals and everyday chores. We go to visit other households to enjoy holidays and birthdays. Family members exchange gifts, foods, and just enjoy being together. Some families gather to help one another out like when we moved. My father-in-law helped by lending us his truck. There was nothing expected in return. The one thing we do not share with the Inuit culture is infanticide. Although I understand why they do it, I would not be able to. In our culture, the parents would end up in prison. We also do not place as much importance on the sex of the child. The only benefit of a boy would be the passing on of the family name. However, today women can decide to keep the family name and add on their husbands, instead of giving up theirs for his. Although our cultures have many similarities, they are also very different. Kinship relationships are important in every society, including ours and the Inuit. However, our survival is not dependent on these relationships, whereas the Inuit are. Without the kinship of the Inuit, they would not be able to survive the harsh winters of their environment. It does take a very special type of people to survive the Arctic. The Inuit have proved to be one of them.

Ib Physics Chapter 3 Notes

I did not understand how to explain why temperature does not change during a phase change and am not entirely sure if I have accurately or thoroughly described 3. 2. 3 and 3. 2. 4. This is also the case for 3. 2. 12 Thermal Physics Thermal Concepts: Temperature (T) is a measure of how hot or cold an object is, and it is the temperature that determines the determines the direction of thermal energy transfer between two objects. It is a scalar quantity and is measure in degrees celcius ( °C ) or kelvin (K). 0  °C is equal to -273K.Kelvin is based on the properties of a gas. Thermal energy is the receiving of energy from a hot body by a cold body when placed next to each other. Internal energy of a substance is the total potential energy and random kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance. It is where molecules in a body gain energy internally and are able to be move faster (increased KE) and move apart (increased PE) from work being acted upon it. Moles: †¢ A mole of a ny material contains 6. 022? 10^23 atoms or molecules. This is also known as Avogadro's constant. However, all moles don't have the same mass due to the different types of particles which have different mass Thermal Properties of Matter: Specific Heat Capacity (C) of a material is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of the material by 1 °C. It is measured in J ?  °C / kg. It is expressed by the equation: c = Q/ m? T; where m is mass, Q is the quantity of heat and ? T is the change in temperature. Thermal Capacity (c) of a material is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature by 1 °C.It is measured in J /  °C . It is expressed by the equation: C = Q/ ? T; where Q is the quantity of heat added and ? T is the amount of increase in temperature of a body. The physical difference between liquids, solids and gaseous phases in terms of molecular structure and particle motion involve atoms having KE and having strong attraction to each other when soli d and having both KE and PE with less attraction and more room to move around when liquid with even more PE and increased potential to move around when gaseous.Evaporation is the change of state of matter from a gas to liquid, whereas boiling is the change of state from liquid to a gas. Specific Latent Heat (L) of a material is the amount of heat required to change the state of 1kg of the material without change in temperature. It is measured in J / kg. It is expressed by the equation: L = Q/m; where Q is the amount of energy and m is the mass. Kinetic Model of an Ideal Gas: Pressure = force/area The assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas are: †¢ The Molecules are perfectly elastic The Molecules are spheres †¢ The Molecules are identical †¢ There is no force between the molecules (excepting collision) with constant velocity between collisions. †¢ The molecules are very small Temperature is hence a measure of the average random kinetic energy of the mole cules of an ideal gas as the speed of particles increase as the temperature rises. Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics relates to a thermodynamic system – this is a collection of bodies that can do work on and exchange heat between each other. These laws apply to all systems. K is absolute zero temperature, where molecules do not move The equation of state for an ideal gas: PV = nRT; where n is the number of moles and R is the molar gas constant. A real gas molecule has a shape and a finite size, whereas an ideal gas molecule (imaginary) is a point with no shape and it occupies no space. A real gas molecule interacts with others. An ideal gas molecule reacts totally independent of all others. There are no ideal gas molecules, only real gas molecules. However, as pressure decreases and the temperature increases, real gas molecules act more like ideal gas molecules.Thermodynamic Processes: The expression for the work involved in a volume change of a gas at constant pressure: P? V; w here P is pressure and V is volume According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Hence, the first law of thermodynamics basically states that as a gas expands and gets hot, heat must have been added: Q = ? U + W; where ? U is the increase in internal energy, W is the work done by the gas and Q is the amount of heat added to a gas. Examples of changes of state of an ideal gas: Isobaric (Constant pressure contraction) †¢ Isochoric/Isovolumetric (Constant volume increase in temperature) †¢ Isothermal expansion †¢ Adiabatic contraction The Second Law of Thermodynamics: The second law states that it is not possible to convert heat completely into work, implying that thermal energy cannot spontaneously transfer from a region of low temperature to a region of high temperature. Hence, it is about the spreading out of energy. Entropy: †¢ Entropy is used to quantify this second law. †¢ Entropy is expressed by the equation: ?S = Q/T; where ? S is change in entropy and Q/T is the quantity of heat flow into a body at a certain temperature. It is measured in J/ K †¢ The second law in terms of entropy changes states that in any thermodynamic process the total entropy always increases †¢ Even though locally entropy may decrease, the total entropy of a system will always increase. i. e. the stock in a fridge may get colder and the molecules become more ordered, with entropy in the fridge decreasing; however the total entropy of the room will increase and the room will gain heat.

Free Essays on The Starry Night

The Starry Night Anne Sexton poem The Starry Night reflects the Vincent von Gogh’s painting The Starry Night very well. If one was to do a little research into the lives of the writer and the artist they would find that they were kind of in the same path in life when they did these two works. Sexton mood in the poem matches the one in the painting. The two works have a lot in common and that could be because of the creator’s lifestyle. Van Gogh painting â€Å"The Starry Night was completed near the mental asylum of Saint-Remy, 13 months before Van Gogh's death† (online 1) and Sexton were depressed most of the time. Though there is not much information on Van Gogh’s life, we can see form Sexton’s life why she was inspired by this painting. She had tried to commit suicide a number of times because she was obviously not happy with her life. She was searching for comfort and when she could not find it in her parents she found it in her aunt who died later on and that made her more depressed. She was not happy in her marriage and had lots of affairs, and seeing therapist who encouraged her to continuing writhing. During her life she had tried to committed suicide on a number of ocasions and was finally successful in the end. In the poem she is viewing death as a serpent that swallows up the stars, she states that’s how she wants to die, for the life to just be sucked up with no cry. (1401). She was so depressed with life that she, judging from the poem, wants to disappear form everything. She dose not want to exist anymore. Wants to die a quiet and fast death. The painting it self is very depressing, but in a sense it’s kind of restful. The way that its restful is the little houses in the village they seem in a way really cozy and peaceful, while the sky is at war with it self. The one tree that’s there in the front is very dreary and dead and that makes it depressing. The poem is also depressing a peac... Free Essays on The Starry Night Free Essays on The Starry Night The Starry Night Anne Sexton poem The Starry Night reflects the Vincent von Gogh’s painting The Starry Night very well. If one was to do a little research into the lives of the writer and the artist they would find that they were kind of in the same path in life when they did these two works. Sexton mood in the poem matches the one in the painting. The two works have a lot in common and that could be because of the creator’s lifestyle. Van Gogh painting â€Å"The Starry Night was completed near the mental asylum of Saint-Remy, 13 months before Van Gogh's death† (online 1) and Sexton were depressed most of the time. Though there is not much information on Van Gogh’s life, we can see form Sexton’s life why she was inspired by this painting. She had tried to commit suicide a number of times because she was obviously not happy with her life. She was searching for comfort and when she could not find it in her parents she found it in her aunt who died later on and that made her more depressed. She was not happy in her marriage and had lots of affairs, and seeing therapist who encouraged her to continuing writhing. During her life she had tried to committed suicide on a number of ocasions and was finally successful in the end. In the poem she is viewing death as a serpent that swallows up the stars, she states that’s how she wants to die, for the life to just be sucked up with no cry. (1401). She was so depressed with life that she, judging from the poem, wants to disappear form everything. She dose not want to exist anymore. Wants to die a quiet and fast death. The painting it self is very depressing, but in a sense it’s kind of restful. The way that its restful is the little houses in the village they seem in a way really cozy and peaceful, while the sky is at war with it self. The one tree that’s there in the front is very dreary and dead and that makes it depressing. The poem is also depressing a peac...

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills

5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills 5 Awesome Ways to Cut Your Energy Bills If you are moving into your first shared apartment, you’re probably worried about paying the bills. And since we are now into fall, you’re probably already thinking about turning the heating on. Here are some great ways for you and your housemates to save money! 1) Shrink Wrap Your Windows Did you know that shrink wrap makes an excellent substitute for extra window panes? If you are stuck with single glazed windows, you’ll know that the heat leaks out! Try taping shrink wrap to the window panes: you’ll be amazed at how much warmer your room feels! 2) Get Some Snakes! OK, real snakes probably won’t heat up your house much, especially since they are cold blooded. However, stuffed snakes laid at the bottom of doors, will! Try using the leg of an old pair of pantyhose and stuff it with rags. Put it at the bottom of your door and you have yourself a free draft excluder. For extra cuteness, add some googly eyes and a smile. 3) Line Your Curtains You’re probably thinking that this is the sort of thing your grandmother would do. But there’s a reason for that: it works! Add a fleecy lining to your curtain for extra insulation. 4) Reflect that Radiation! A sheet of aluminum foil behind a radiator reflects the heat waves back into the room, instead of letting it be absorbed into the wall. Bet you never thought foil could keep you warm, right? 5) Warm Up With Rice! Anyone who has ever tried studying with cold feet will know that it’s not a great experience. Sew up some raw rice in a rectangle of cloth to make yourself a microwaveable rice pillow. It uses a lot less energy than a hot water bottle (kettles are super energy intensive) and is ready in seconds. What are you waiting for? Get busy and make your home a warm and cozy study nest for the winter!

Tumour markers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tumour markers - Essay Example Therefore, it is important to understand that it is the quantity and not just the presence of these compounds that must be considered in assessing the clinical use of tumour markers. Tumour markers are usually proteins (structural proteins and enzymes), cell-surface carbohydrate antigens, cellular receptors, and genes, which are detected in tissue, urine, and blood samples. Markers can be specific for a certain type of cancer, while there are markers that are common for different cancer types. Some markers also show increased concentration in the tissues and body fluids even in the absence of cancers. Due to this, tumour markers by alone should not be used in to diagnose cancer. In an ideal situation, screening and early diagnosis of cancer are the major goals for using tumour markers. To be able to do this, a marker must be highly specific for a certain cancer. It must not come up with too many false positive results that could lead to unnecessary and expensive follow-up tests, not to mention the psychological effects that come with the possibility of having cancer. Markers levels should be elevated enough, and ideally can be used to screen asymptomatic individuals, meaning that they can be used to detect cancer early. However, because markers are present in low concentrations in the body, screening for asymptomatic individuals is only recommended for those who have a genetic predisposition towards getting cancer. Currently, only the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) has been recommended and approved for general screening of prostate cancer in men over 50. A positive screening result for PSA is still not an indication of cancer, and PSA screening should be d one in conjunction with a digital rectal examination of the prostate gland for diagnostic purposes. Markers are used to identify the local source of metastasized cancers, and could therefore aid in making a correct diagnosis. The recurrence of cancer can be checked by testing the levels of a

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training(Human Resource Essay

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training(Human Resource Development) - Essay Example The main aim of contract learning is to make students learning centers in their own learning process rather than making teachers the center of learning. Therefore, the use of contract learning is to solve learning problems by reducing several differences between different learning groups. Learning contract aims at harmonizing learning environment for adults students with varied differences. Notably, learning institutions often receive learners from different backgrounds, interest, experiences, lifestyle, learning, and learning speeds as well as varied commitments. Thus, didactic teaching will aim at the middle (Knowles, Holton III, Swanson, 2012) will allow all these interests to be severed and catered for during the teaching process. This process often concentrates at the middle with the aim of pulling other ends. The lower end will be pulled towards the middle so that they are not left far behind while the upper end will be involved so that they are never bored during the leaning process. Therefore, the contract learning is a sure way of helping student meet their learning or educational needs on their own (Knowles, 1995). Developing learning contract need the teacher to have both cognitive and personal learning styles. Moreover, the teacher has diagnostic sense to enable personal learning and understanding of the teaching tools and needs of students Knowles, Holton III, Swanson, 2012. These tools enable the teacher to draw specific needs and objective of the contract learning process. Therefore, it is upon the teacher to formulated specific, clear, realistic, and understandable objectives of the contract learning. Knowles, M. S. (1995).  Designs for adult learning: Practical resources, exercises, and course outlines from the father of adult learning. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development

UK Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Employment Law - Essay Example Under UK employment laws , an employee is one who is working under a contract of employment and the contract may be in writing, or it may be implicit subject to terms and conditions mentioned under the employment contract . Before the enactment of the Industrial Relations Act 1971 and the Employment Protection (consolidation) Act 1978, an employer had unlimited rights to dismiss an employee for any reason or for no reason with few exceptions . However , scenarios have changed a lot after introduction of the abovementioned legislations. Now, if an employer has terminated an employment contract of an employee either under unfair dismissal or under wrongful dismissal, an employee can seek relief under any of the following processes ; a claim can be made under common law for wrongful dismissal , or a claim can be made under ERA (Employment Rights Act) 1996 for unfair dismissal or a claim can be mader under Pt XI for redundancy or Pt II under ERA,1996 . Though , under UK law , an employer is legally entitled to dismiss an employee whenever he wishes and for whatever reasons, provided that he gives due notice in this regard but this right has to be used judiciously and without ulterior intention . If an employer has not conducted an intenral enquiry or not followed correct disciplinary procedures , then , an affected employee may approach the employment tribunal or courts in UK against his unfair or wrongful dismissal. If a person is dismissed unfairly due to his age on the allegation that he is very slow in his work, then, an affected employee may seek protection under s 4 of Equalities Act 2010. Any unfair dismissal due to direct discrimination by an employer will be held illegal under section 13 of the Equalities Act 2010.... o demonstrate incapability of the employee ,i.e., not able to perform the duty as anticipated under section 98(2) (a) of the ERA ; or if there is a misconduct on the part of the employee i.e., like declining to accomplish lawful commands of the employer or availing unauthorised leave without prior permission from the employer under section 98(2) (b) of the ERA; or if the employer is able to demonstrate that dismissal is due to redundancy under section 98(2) (c) of the ERA; or if there is a statutory illegality under section 98(2) (a) of the ERA; or on some other substantial reason under section 98(1) (B) of the ERA5 If a person is dismissed unfairly due to his age on the allegation that he is very slow in his work, then, an affected employee may seek protection under s 4 of Equalities Act 2010. Any unfair dismissal due to direct discrimination by an employer will be held illegal under section 13 of the Equalities Act 2010. Instances of direct discrimination include unfair dismissal o n the basis of the religion (being a Muslim, unfit to work in a bar), gender (being a woman not fit to work for certain types of jobs), and dismissal of an employee due to his old age. The following are the illustrations of unfair dismissal of an employee by an employer. Dismissing an employee as he asked for flexible working time; declining to acknowledge the working time rights by an employee and insisting to avail rest breaks ; dismissing an employee for his involvement in the trade union activity; making an employee to resign by offering the exact notice period ; dimissing an employee for his participation in legal industrial action for more than three months or less ; for providing jury service , requesting time off by an employee ; dismissing an employee for availing adoption leave ,

Possible theories for crime: Nature versus Nurture.

Possible theories for crime: Nature versus Nurture. Crime is a matter of popular interest and focus; it is everywhere you look from newspapers to cinemas. Criminal acts have the ability to repel and fascinate us at the same time. When violence occurs we want answers. One of the questions people often ask when hearing of a crime, whether it be burglary or murder, is why? What causes criminal behaviour? Unless we know what causes an act of violence it is hard to put it behind us. The search for the causes of crime continues to form the basis of most criminological studies. There are numerous explanations for crime; biological, economical, geographical, psychiatric, psychological, sociological. However, broadly speaking these causes generally fall into two basic schools of thought, nature and nurture, and while most of us will embrace notions from both sides, some criminologists tend to lean more in one direction than the other. Psychological theories of crime hold the view that individual differences in behaviour may make some people more predisposed to committing criminal acts. These differences may arise from personality characteristics, biological factors or social interactions. As there are so many theories for criminal behaviour this paper will focus on the biological and environmental factors, which may account for the growing social problem of violent and antisocial conduct. It was an urgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.a strong urge, and the longer I let it go the stronger it got, to where I was taking risks to go out and kill people-risks that normally, according to my little rules of operation, I wouldnt take because they could lead to arrest. Edmond Kemper (cited on http://www.crimelibrary.com) Where does this urge come from? Do we all possess it and if so, what stops some people from committing crimes, whether it be murder, as in this case, or something less, whilst others cannot control this urge. It could be said that criminals have no control over their impulses, whereas we do; no matter how angry we get there is something that stops us from taking this anger out on other people. According to Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) all humans have natural drives and urges repressed in the unconscious. More importantly he also claims that all humans have criminal tendencies. It is through the process of socialisation that these tendencies are curbed by the development of inner controls that are learned through childhood experiences (Eysenck, 1977). Maybe the thing that stops us is the thought of the punishment we would receive if caught, or maybe it is morality or social programming. It may even be that we are afraid that if we commit a crime and are caught, we risk losing the social bonds that we have with other people, as they will then think less of us. Humans are knowledgeable people who understand a great deal about the conditions and consequences of what they do in every day life (Farrell, Bowling, 1999). Once convicted of a crime and in court, there is an increased emphasis upon the free will and moral responsibility of the offender for their actions. However the conception of the offender being genetically at risk has now emerged. There have been numerous studies carried out on twins to determine whether genetic influences play a part in criminal behaviour. Christiansen (1977) reported on the criminality of a total population of 3,586 twin pairs from Denmark. He found that 52% of the twins were concordant for criminal behaviour for identical twin pairs, whilst 22% of the twins were concordant for fraternal twin pairs. These results suggest that identical twins carry some form of biological characteristic that increases their risk of becoming involved in criminal behaviour (McLaughlin, Muncie, Hughes, 2003). However, the thought that criminal behaviour is due to genetics poses many questions. At a personal level, people wonder about how much actual choice they have over their lives. Accepting genetic causes for their traits can relieve guilt about behaviour they want to change, but cannot. According to Gibbons (1968), the genetic theory indicates that inherited traits are specific in nature, i.e. so that a person inherits green eyes and blonde hair. However criminal behaviour is not specific, it covers a wide range of criminal activities from petty theft to mass murder. Also, many criminals engage in a range of these activities, not always one specific type of crime, therefore how can the genetic theory account for this variability? It could be suggested that criminals inherit general tendencies to break laws. However criminals do not break all laws, they obey to most. It is very difficult to demonstrate any feasible mechanism for the inheritance of criminality (Eysenck, 1977). A disorder such as Cystic Fibrosis is a disorder produced entirely by hereditary causes. The cause is known and understood and the presence of the disorder can be determined with accuracy. With this in mind, what kind of structure can be imagined to underlie the cause of crime? What is criminal in one country may not be criminal in another country; the purchasing of marijuana is legal in Amsterdam whilst illegal in many other countries. Also, what is a crime at one time may not be a crime at another time, i.e. it is a citizens duty to kill in war but outside of war it is a crime. People are able to understand the differences in situations like these. What some people do find difficult is the thought that a gene or chromosome may cause the difference between a criminal and a non-criminal (Eysenck, 1977). In a study carried out by Bernhardt (1930) on two groups of siblings, group one had both parents as none criminal, but criminality was among the grandparents or other close relatives, and the second group had no criminal parents or other relations. He found twice as high a crime rate among siblings in group one, than in group two, and postulated that this difference must be endogenously caused, as both groups of children grew up in non criminal homes. As can be seen from this study, it is difficult to eliminate environmental factors. There is always the possibility of direct influence from grandparent to grandchild. It may also be assumed that grandchildren of criminal grandparents are exposed to less favourable environmental influences via the intermediate parental link. Plus, the probability that the environment the parents create for their children is much the same as the grandparents created for the parents, is very likely. The biological side of criminal behaviour can be studied through mental patients. In a ten year follow up of criminality in Stockholm mental patients, Belfrage (1998) found new evidence for a relationship between mental disorder and crime. The study was carried out on 1056 mental patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, affective psychosis or paranoia. After they had been discharged from mental hospitals in 1986, they were followed up ten years later. It was found that of those who were forty years old or younger at the time of discharge, nearly 40% had a criminal record, compared to less than 10% of the general public. According to Soothill, Peelo and Taylor (2002), on a typical day, four mentally disordered offenders are admitted from the courts to Broadmoor hospital, Rampton hospital or Ashworth hospital on hospital orders. Also, about one offender a day is transferred after sentence from a prison service establishment to a hospital. However some criminologists regard biological evidence with alarm. Nelkin and Lindee (1995) believe that genetics, in relation to crime, deflects attention from the need for social reform, education and rehabilitation in tackling the violence in society. The study carried out by Komiya (1999) highlights the importance of environmental factors, such as families, schools and companies, concerned with the individual. This study was concerned with looking at the low crime rate in Japan in relation to the cultural background. It found that reasons for low crime rate were due to factors such as low unemployment, high educational standards, strict justice in relation to the control of firearms and drugs and the certainty of arrest, self-discipline and the high level of self-control. This latter is regarded as the strongest weapon for survival in Japan and they learn the value of self-control at a very early stage in life. It is the most important stage of socialization in Japan, whereas in Western countries a self of sense is most important. The socialization in Japan happens through/in families, schools and companies. In the family, children are under strict discipline. They learn to accept parental authority; therefore they are driven by parental expectations. There is lots of body contact i.e. bathing with parents. This is the opposite of Western families who encourage their children to have their own bedroom. In the school there are lots of regulations and children also have peers. The companies provide security i.e. lifetime employment, medical support, retirements benefits. For this, Japanese workers must accept strong informal social control by their company. As can be seen through this study Japan has a strong sense of security and an infinite number of repressive rules. These two elements act together to produce high levels of self-control, which acts as a strong force restraining people from committing crimes. The Japanese legal culture contributes to the prevention of crime by controlling the individuals behaviour. This is the opposite to the Western worlds emphasis on the permissive nature of rules and the relative freedom of action. According to Komiya (1999) this suggests there is a trade off between low crime rates and a strong awareness of freedom. If individuals have a strong sense of responsibility, a society can lower its crime rate without undermining freedom. It could be said that a persons environment depends to a certain extent on his/her own choice (Horwitz, Christiansen, 1983). It could also be that some individuals within certain areas are drawn into crime (McGuire, Mason, OKane, 2000). A case in which the latter may apply is institutional upbringing. There seems to be a stigma attached to children raised in an institute; they are labelled as social deviants. However it must be remembered that children placed in these institutes, before being removed to the institute, are already in a rather threatened situation. Therefore it should be expected that these children would show increased delinquency rates. However once a person is stigmatised by a label, the response is often to fulfil the label given and commit further acts of deviance. To take a quote from http://www.crimelibrary.com, I have several children who Im turning into killers. Wait till they grow up. David Berkowitz This illustrates how much of an impact the environment in which a child grows up in has later on in life. Reading this quote would definitely worry criminologists who believe that the environment shapes a person and influences later life choices. Some parents believe that by being harsh on a child will toughen the child up. Instead, it often creates a lack of love between parent and child that can have disastrous effects later on in life. If a child does not bond with his/her carers there is no foundation for trusting others later in life (http://www.crimelibrary.com). Bowlby (1957) carried out a study on 44 thieves at a psychiatric clinic. He believed that a long separation from the mother during the first five years of a childs life is a leading cause in the development of socially incapable, troublesome and delinquent personalities. Other studies claimed that the absence of the father might also create an equally dangerous risk (Horwitz, Christiansen, 1983). Andry (1955) found tha t the absence of the father was as equal a risk as the absence of the mother, and re-established the father as an equally important figure (Horwitz, Christiansen, 1983). Either way, both researchers found that parents are very important in the development of children. A criminal can often be heard blaming his/her actions on a number of traditional explanations; childhood abuse, genetics, exposure to traumatic events and perceived social injustices to name a few. However the problem with this is that many people have been exposed to one or more of these traumas, yet they do not turn to crime. Maybe it is an interaction of a number of factors. Yet in the case of Jeffrey Dahmer, who had an apparently normal upbringing, environment does not seem able to explain the behaviour displayed. If there is a genetic explanation, it is difficult to explain, as we do not see entire families of, in this case, serial killers. Another aspect of crime, which is of interest, is understanding how and why offenders stop committing offences. This is crucial for the development of effective crime prevention and criminal justice practises. Without a theory as to why people stop offending it is difficult to know which policies and practises are best needed to stop it. Some criminologists believe that by searching for the causes of criminality, the attention is taken away from the pressing task of crime management (McLaughlin, Muncie, Hughes, 2003). This essay has only just begun to skim over the causes of criminal behaviour. As can be seen it would be difficult to credit one theory for the explanation of crime, there is a continual interaction between both genetic an environmental factors; they are functionally interdependent. No one study carried out can be said to provide conclusive evidence for either genetic factors or environmental factors (Horwitz, Christiansen, 1983). However if genetics were to be seen as the cause of criminality, this would pose future problems; it may lead to genetic screening for the interest of risk assessment. This could lead to genetic discrimination, which could then lead to loss of employment or denial of insurance or other benefits (Rose, 2000). If crime were due to genes, the individual would not be to blame yet they would be punished through the mentioned ways. There must be something in the child himself which the environment brings out in the form of delinquency. This quote by Aichorn (Gibbons, 1968) demonstrates the importance of both nature and nurture acting together. Certain aspects of each theory help us to understand the criminals behaviour, and it is through this interaction that we are able to further our knowledge on criminology. Awareness of Students in Junk Food Consumption | Proposal Awareness of Students in Junk Food Consumption | Proposal Izyan Hanim Binti Ibrahim THE AWARENESS OF STUDENTS IN PUSAT PERMATA PINTAR NEGARA IN CONSUMING JUNK FOOD CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION World Health Organisation has stated that the dispersion of disease mainly is caused by the unhealthy eating lifestyle (As cited in CSE 2012). However, the adolescence really love eating junk foods including burgers, carbonated drinks, instant noodles, French fries, hotdogs, sweets, potato chips and biscuits (Arya Mishra 2013). According to Arya Mishra (2013), they have classified adolescence stage into three stages which early adolescence, ranging from 11-14 years old, middle adolescence, teenagers of age 15-17 years old and lastly late adolescence that have ages of 18-21 years old. Those stages are the most important stages in human life cycle because during early adolescence is the emotional management stage due to it is a puberty level. Moreover, in the middle adolescence is the try-and-error stage because teenagers tend to try many new things and experiences and last but not least teenagers will figure out his or her future plan during the late adolescence stage. The study has stated that wrong consumption of nutrients at this level will result a prolong impacts to them. Students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara are the gifted students and their specialties should be preserved. This study will survey the awareness level of them in taking in the junk foods to make them realise how dangerous is the action. Students who live far away or without parents have higher tendency to consume or buy junk foods. A study has discovered that foods rich in nutrient have higher price index in marketing fields compared to the unhealthy foods like junk foods ( Deakin University 2008). Finally, this research project will reveals the frequency of those students in consuming junk foods from schooling session until living in the dorms session with others. Despite all of this, the researcher will investigate how the examination year will affect the frequency of their consumption towards junk food in order to enhance the cognitive level. BACKGROUND Junk foods are categorised as any types of meals that can be prepared in short time and does not require much energy to make it (Johnson et al. 2012). However, Escalante et al. (2004) has stated about the intake of beneficial nutrient decrease as the consumption of junk food increase in children’s meal. This is one of the implication the over exposed children to the junk food advertisement continuously in front of television. For instances, the advertisement that make a non-stop promotion is Koko Krunch, Coca Cola, Pepsi Co and biscuits. Yosifon(2006) also support this claim about the effect of advertisement in monopoly the young generation’s mind. In addition, World Health Organisation (WHO) has come out with a result those actions is one factor that contributes to the increase of statistical analysis on the Body Mass Index (BMI). Company of junk food will target the new generation as their marketing customers to exploit the profit (Yosifon 2006). Junk food is rich with salt, trans fat, sugar and many chemical contents as their preservative and addictive agent. Monosodium glutamate is the most well-known food addictive agent in junk food. Monosodium glutamate is one of a dangerous chemical that always being related with the development of cancer cell. As has been stated before, junk food is a food rich with fat. The consumption of high fat meals will make the signal of appetite-supress is being ignored and leads to increase of appetite and gaining weight (Johnson et al. 2012). Not to be forgotten, Johnson et al. (2012) also have made a study on the effect of junk food on brain. The study has proved that junk food can reduce the volume of brain. The reduction of brain capacity will lead to the neuro diseases. For students, the ability to memorise is important for the process of cognitive. So, the risk to be effected with Alzheimer’s disease should be lower by taking care of intake of junk food and aware with the intake of nutrients. 2 As conclusion, this research mainly wants to study the awareness of gifted students in the consumption of junk food and to determine whether examination year will affect the consumption of junk food in their diets. PROBLEM STATEMENT Teenagers are the main target for any company of junk food to be their customers. So, junk food has becomes one of their favourite food. Besides, the problem that has been observed by the society about this issue is the source to get this junk food can easily bought by the students and there is no restriction. For examples, many types of junk food can be bought from the vending machines, school canteens and the nearby grocery shop (Datar Nicosia 2009).As students; they should spend the money wisely. So, they eat junk food because it is affordable and cheap. However, obesity cases among the young generation is rising up and continuously year by year (Escalante et al. 2004). PURPOSE OF RESEARCH The purpose of conducting this research is to study the awareness level among students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara in consuming junk food in their diets. Junk food contains many types of chemicals and the most well-known chemicals present in that food is monosodium glutamate. Monosodium glutamate can produce an addictive flavour that enhances the taste of the foods (Husarova Ostatnikova 2013). As students, the frequency of taking junk food will be investigated by the researcher and to determine whether the examination year for Form 5 student, that will facing Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, will control them from taking the junk food. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To determine whether students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara aware about the intake of junk food. To study the frequency of students consuming junk food. 3 To investigate whether the examination year will affect their intake of junk food. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions are: Does the students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara aware about the intake of junk food? How frequent is the students consume junk food in their life routine? Does the examination season will affect the intake of junk food among the students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara? RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Alternative hypothesis, : The examination will affect the frequency of consuming junk food by the students. Null hypothesis, : : The examination will not affect the frequency of consuming junk food by the students. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH This research is mainly done because teenagers nowadays are known as junk food generation because there are many of them that take in junk food as their main dishes every day. So, this research is one of a step towards reducing the intake of junk food especially among the students. The significance of this research is to enlighten the society about the dangerousness of junk food in harming the health. Besides, this research will highlight the seriousness 4 level of consuming the junk food in diets of students. LIMITATIONS The samples of this research are just from a small population of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara which have a total number of students of. Due to small population, the sample used for this experiment will be a small sample size. The small sample size may not have a statistical support due to insignificant result of the finding for this research project. DEFINITION OF TERMS The definition of each main concept in the research is as follows: AWARENESS The awareness of students in Pusat Permata Pintar Negara in this research is about how they control the intake of junk food even they know its implication on health. Moreover, it becomes serious when students tend to chewing something during study or revise in the night. FREQUENCY The frequency of eating the junk food gives an idea to the readers about the number of consumption of junk food per day or per week. COGNITIVE The ability of students to understand their studies CONCLUSION The awareness of students in Pusat Permata Pintar Negara should be investigated through this research since they are the gifted students that need to preserve their specialities. Through this survey, maybe next research can study how to raise their awareness and decrease the consumption of junk food. 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Junk food is defined as any food that contains less in nutrients but rich in the inappropriate things such as the preservative and the additive agents. Junk food can contribute to obesity and encourages the eaters to skip their breakfast because of improper meals time (Gopal et al. 2012). The study by Gopal et al. (2012) has claimed about the bad effect of consuming junk food that the society does not realise is about the decreasing absorption of calcium in humans. Based on the survey by Gopal et al. (2012), their outcome of survey has shown that the biggest factor for the students to consume junk food probably is because of the taste of junk food itself. Almost 70% of the eaters agree with this factor and unfortunately almost half of them never care about the long-term effects. 2.2 CHEMICALS IN JUNK FOOD Chemical in junk food has a high glycaemic index and will suppress the appetite of the eaters. In addition, chemicals in junk food can higher the level of sugar more rapidly compared to other type of food (Vartanian et al. 2007). Monosodium glutamate, MSG, is a well-known chemical agents used in junk food and many studies has been conducted by using the animals as the samples to prove its effect on health. The usual experiment was conducted to study the implication on reproductive organs, central nervous system and adipose tissue (Husarova Ostatnikova, 2013). Overconsumption of junk food can reduce the size of lumen within age 30 and has a high risk to be attack by the coronary disease (Johnson et al. 2012). 6 2.3 METABOLIC SYNDROME Metabolic syndrome is defined as any disease that can lead to heart attack. For examples, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and obesity (Alberti et al. 2006). Husarova Ostatnikova (2013) has stated that chemical contents used in junk food can interrupt the metabolism process in humans’ body. â€Å"Junk food can increase the parameters of insulin, fatty acid and triglycerides in serum† (Husarova Ostatnikova 2013). They has been added that monosodium glutamate can increase the production of bile and the most dangerous element regarding this food addictive is it can change the structure of ovaries and fallopian tube. Besides, MSG can cause headache but the studied show there is no relationship between asthma and the uptake of junk food. Not only that, medical staff at Harvard University and University of Murcia can make the young men to distorted their reproductive system and development because the sperm produced will be the unhealthy sperm to fertilize with the ov um( Johnson et al. 2012). 2.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH A study has proved that junk food’s nutritional content is approximately has zero content of nutrition. Furthermore, it has a large quantity of trans fat. Trans fat acts like the saturated fat which contributes to the increase in the statistics of obesity (Johnson et al. 2012). A statistical by World Health Organisation (WHO) shows that 2.8 million of humans were killed yearly due to the problems of body weight or obesity. This implication of junk food has been supported by British Heart Foundation (2014) that excess consumption of junk food will higher the risk of obesity. As the obesity has stated in an individual life, he or she will has a higher tendency to be infected by mane other diseases. The most common disease is the coronary disease. Not to be forgotten, illness that related to the obesity is high blood pressure, diabetes type II and development of cancerous cell. A recent article by Gutierrez (2014) states that junk food makes the eaters become addictive to it and the addictive level is like craving for heroin. In addition, the article also has claimed about the effect of over consumption of junk food will make the person will 7 refuse to the healthy meals and they prefer to starve themselves. When chemical content from junk food was entered the human body system, the biological content of brain will be deteriorated (Michelle 2014). It has been added that the entire body system will be interrupted especially the digestive system due to inappropriate digestive flow. A report by the Military Leaders for Kids (2010) has come out with a statement by the army that want all sources of junk food to be eliminated in school compounds either in canteens or vending machines. However, as a started step in order to remove the sources, conspiration between American Heart Association and the beverages companies was setting up to decrease 88% of the calories present in their product that will be in the school compound in United States. 2.4 CONCLUSION Consuming excess salt, sugar and many other unbeneficial needs to be controlled at the early age because obesity in young age will has a high probability to develop into adult obese (British Heart Foundation 2014). The awareness level of students in Pusat Permata Pintar Negara in consuming junk food should be studied so that next research can be conducted to find the appropriate ways in increasing their awareness. Students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara are the gifted students that need to be preserved their intellectual level. 8 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN Survey research method will be the research design for this study. 162 copies of questionnaires will be distributed among the students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The samples will be divided into three groups which is Form 4, Form 5 and Asasi Pintar students. Those groups have 54 samples each and a total of 162 students will be involved. There are three different levels of students because the researcher want to know whether the examination year will affect the consumption of junk food which is Form 4 students are not in examination year, Form 5 students are in examination year (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia) and Asasi Pintar students are in the post-examination year. The questionnaire that will be distributed is from the Codman Academy. 3.2 RESEARCH PROCEDURE Based on Krejcie and Morgan table, the researcher can decide an appropriate number of samples. With the total number of population which is 280 students, Krejcie and Morgan table shows that the number of samples that should answer the Codman Academy questionnaire that will be distributed is at least 162 students. The result of the survey will have a valid result for the researcher to analyse. The questionnaire that will be distributed is taken from Codman Academy Junk Questionnaire Survey which already has its own validity. Therefore, pilot test is not necessary in this study . The questionnaire will be distributed among students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. There are 15 questions involving questions on frequency of consumption of junk food by students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara. The duration for collecting the questionnaires with the answers will be about 5 days. 9 The questionnaire will be analysed and the researcher will study on the frequency of consumption of junk food. In addition, the frequency of the Form 5 students for the intake of junk food will be compared with respondents from Form 4 and ASASIpintar students because the researcher wants to investigate about the effect of examination year on the frequency of taking junk food. 3.3 SAMPLE AND POPULATION 3.3.1 RESEARCH POPULATION The population for this research is the students of Pusat Permata Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia that will answer the questionnaire. The total number for the population is 280 students including Form 4, Form 5 and Asasi Pintar students. 3.3.2 INCLUSION CRITERIA FOR THE STUDY SAMPLE The samples should be studying in Form 4 and Form 5 because they already pass the maturation stage in thinking skill. So, the answer can be more relevant and it is more valid to analyse it as the research result. 3.3.3 EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR THE STUDY SAMPLE Students which are in Foundation phase or in Form 1 level cannot be selected to answer the questionnaire because some of them have matured but some of the students still have the immature way of thinking. So, the answer will be the irrelevant answers. The lecturers or teachers are excluded from the sample because the researcher want to study the awareness in the consumption of junk food among the students due to they are known as the junk food generation. 10 3.3.4 STRATIFIED SAMPLING METHOD The population will be grouped based on the age and the level of studying in school either the students are from Form 4 (16 years old), Form 5 (17 years old) or the post Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia candidates which are in ASASIpintar (18 years old). The sampling method will be conducted from each of the age of students’ ages. 3.4 INSTRUMENT 3.4.1 KREJCIE AND MORGAN TABLE This table gives the researcher a guideline in choosing the number of respondents needed for a certain number of population. The study will be conducted in Pusat Permata Pintar Negara which has a total number of 280 students including Form 4, Form 5 and Asasi Pintar students. So, a valid number of samples needed are 162 students. 3.4.2 CODMAN ACADEMY JUNK FOOD QUESTIONNAIRE Codman Academy Junk Food Questionnaire is taken as the questionnaire for this survey. The language used for this questionnaire is English language because it is a universal language. So, the respondents can answer the questionnaire without any obstacle due to language. 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS The result from the questionnaire will be analysed by using the statistics software known as SPSS. Results will be presented through frequency counts and other descriptive statistics. From the analysis, the researcher can get the statistical analysis on the result of the awareness of students in Pusat Permata Pintar Negara towards the intake of junk food. The hypothesis testing will be done by the researcher to make a decision. The decision is either to reject the null hypothesis or fail to reject null hypothesis. Microsoft Excel 2010 will be used to tabulate the data. 11 3.6 PRELIMINARY BUDJET 12 REFERENCES British Heart Foundation. 2014. Briefing: Junk food marketing to children campaign Husarova, V. Ostatnikova, D. 2013. JMED Research. Monosodium Glutamate Toxic Effects and Their Implications for Human Intake: A Review 2013(2013):1-11 Vartanian, L.R., Schwartz, M.B. Brownell, K.D. 2007. American Journal of Public Health. Framing Health Matters 97(4):667-675